Phytosanitary trade disputes may arise between contracting parties to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). These disputes are caused by disagreement over phytosanitary measures associated with trans-boundary movement of plants and/or plant products or over the interpretation or application of the IPPC. Such disagreements are fairly common in the work of National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs), and usually originate from the use or misuse of the phytosanitary measures that are included in phytosanitary import regulations for plants and plant products. The Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (CPM)1 developed a dispute settlement system, providing for procedures and administrative support, to assist contracting parties in resolving disputes and to implement the process set out in Article XIII.