The Basel Convention Instruction Manual on the Prosecution of Illegal Traffic of Hazardous Wastes or Other Wastes manual was developed on the basis of a mandate from the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention and it was adopted by the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (Cartagena, Colombia, 17-21 October 2011). It is intended to provide guidance for those involved in the prosecution of cases of illegal traffic in hazardous and other wastes. Global in scope, it provides practical information that will be particularly relevant for judges and prosecutors in their role in preventing and combating illegal traffic in hazardous and other wastes. The manual seeks to draw upon best practices and provides examples taken from the experience of Parties to the Basel Convention in prosecuting illegal traffic cases.