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Case studies

Here you will find a selection of real and simulated examples of various negotiations from a number of MEAs across a range of environmental topics.

  • Environmental Governance
  • Chemicals and Waste
  • Climate and Atmosphere
  • Biological diversity
  • Marine and Freshwater
  • Convention on Biological Diversity
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
  • Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
  • Convention on Migratory Species
  • International Legally Binding Instrument on Plastics Pollution, including in the Marine Environment
  • Minamata Convention on Mercury
  • Montreal Protocol
  • Nagoya Protocol
  • Stockholm Convention
  • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  • United Nations Environment Assembly
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  • Alliance of Small Island States
  • Biological diversity
  • Chemicals and wastes management
  • Clearing House Mechanism
  • Climate and energy
  • Climate change
  • Committee
  • Compliance
  • Compliance Committee
  • Conduct of business in MEA meetings
  • Conference outcome documents and plans
  • Consensus
  • Conservation of Biodiversity
  • Convention
  • Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
  • Country with Economy in Transition
  • Decision making, voting and explanation of vote
  • Development Assistance Committee
  • Ecosystem
  • Ecosystem services
  • Environmental Impact Assessment
  • Environmental law and policy principles, processes and tools
  • Environmental reporting
  • European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
  • Financial rules
  • Formal objection
  • Global Environment Outlook
  • Greenhouse gases
  • Hard law
  • Implementation
  • Implementation compliance and enforcement
  • Indigenous peoples
  • Indigenous peoples and local communities
  • Institutional practice - other bodies
  • Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • International Agreement
  • International Financial Institution
  • International Organization
  • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
  • Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity
  • Land and agriculture
  • Land degradation
  • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry
  • Marine protection
  • Mitigation
  • Multilateral Development Bank
  • Negotiating blocs
  • Open-ended Working Group
  • Our Common Future
  • Ozone layer protection
  • Persistent Organic Pollutants
  • Point of order
  • Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
  • Procedural rules and processes
  • Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
  • Scientific advisory bodies
  • Secret ballot
  • Specialized agency
  • Specialized Environmental Committees
  • State/country groupings
  • Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
  • Subsidiary body
  • Sustainable development
  • Sustainable Development Frameworks and Bodies
  • Sustainable use
  • Technology and Economic Assessment Panel
  • Treaty making process
  • UNFCCC negotiating groups
  • United Nations Bodies and Institutions
  • United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
  • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
  • United Nations Conferences
  • United Nations Environment Programme
  • United Nations General Assembly
  • United Nations Industrial Development Organization
  • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
  • Vienna Setting
  • Voluntary Contribution
  • Voting
  • Working group
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Election of Presiding Officers by Acclamation

Example of election of presiding officers by acclamation at the second session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including in the marine environment (INC-2) in 2023.
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Decision-Making by Consensus

Examples highlighting how decision-making by consensus is not always straightforward, including a video of the second session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on plastic pollution (INC-2) showing the Chair's response to a number of points of order raised on this
PDF Case-studyVideo Example
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Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

Negotiation simulation exercise undertaken during the University of Eastern Finland – UNEP Course on Multilateral Environmental Agreements in 2019.
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The Minamata Convention COP 1

Negotiation simulation exercise undertaken during the University of Eastern Finland – UNEP Course on Multilateral Environmental Agreements in 2016.
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Compliance Negotiations in the Intergovernmental Committee for the Nagoya Protocol

Negotiation simulation exercise undertaken during the University of Eastern Finland – UNEP Course on Multilateral Environmental Agreements in 2013.